Star Wars Food Ads

Gus writes:

 Vintage food collectors will often comment on the extreme scarcity of food packaging that they're able to find years later. While many saved highly-publicized Star Wars food premiums that were advertised with purchase of food items, few thought to save the actual packaging. As a result, there are still to this day many rare, one-of-a-kind and unknown-to-still-exist Star Wars food items. As collectors, one way we are able to learn what was made is through these ads in magazines, newspapers and comics from the period. 

KP Outer Spacers was a corned-based snack food which the British call "crisps" and Americans correctly call "chips." These snacks were shaped like spaceships, so it was well suited as a Star Wars promotion. This started in early 1978 shortly after the release of Star Wars in the United Kingdom and offered a mail away Star Wars "Fighter Kite," made by the British toy company, Palitoy. The offer required kids to send in 3 wrappers and 95p to receive a kite, reducing the number of intact bags saved to this day. The promotion appeared on three different flavors of KP Outer Spacers: beef burger, chutney and pickled onion.

The KP Outer Spacers promotion was advertised in various Star Wars comics such as the March 4, 1989 issue of 2000 AD (a British science fiction comic) and in the Marvel Star Wars Weekly comic from February 29, 1978. Marvel's Star Wars comic, which was a monthly series in the United States, was published in a weekly series in Britain.

KP Outer Spacers bags are next to impossible to find, but here's an example of a bag of chutney flavoured [sic] chips with the Star Wars Fighter Kite offer details. This is also a rare example of a food promotion where even the premium is super difficult to come by!

Nabisco launched the first cereal promotion in Britain on boxes of Shreddies cereal. In this case, the premium is the packaging, as each box contained a small sheet of Letraset stickers of Star Wars characters that could be affixed onto the back of 4 different Star Wars scenes on the box backs.

The Shreddies offer was promoted in various UK comics such as the June 17, 1978 issue of Tiger and the May 24, 1978 issue of Star Wars Weekly. 

The Shreddies offer appeared on 10 ounce and 15 ounce boxes of Shreddies cereal, so with 4 different scenes on the box backs, there are 8 different Shreddies Star Wars boxes to collect!

Coca Cola ran a massive campaign in Japan for the release of the first Star Wars film. Jonathan McElwain wrote an extensive blog article on the Star Wars Coca Cola promotion in Japan that I'd highly recommend to anyone wanting to learn more about this fascinating Coca Cola promotion. One of the places where this was advertised was in the July 2, 1978 issue of Weekly Shōnen, a weekly manga comic that is popular in Japan.

Each Coca Cola product brand (Coca Cola, Fanta Orange, Fanta Grape, Fanta Apple, Sprite, Fanta Club Soda and Fanta Golden Grape) had 50 different bottle caps. Bottles were also sold in six packs with two different six pack trays: one with C-3PO, Luke Skywalker and Ben Kenobi, and another with the Escape pod.

Some American Star Wars collectors might be surprised to learn that there was a Nestlé's Quik Star Wars food tie-in. Well, not exactly. Nestlé, which offered Star Wars jewelry mail away premiums on wrappers of their candy bars, also did a newspaper campaign for Kenner toys, which included the Star Wars large size action figures and the X-Wing and TIE Fighter vehicles. Unlike other Quik food promotions, as far as I know, this promotion never reached the actual Quik cans, but here is an image of a similar Quik can for a toy promotion from 13 years earlier for a British boy band using a can label design that has remained largely unchanged over those years.

Kraft brought Letraset stickers back for The Empire Strikes Back in a Dairylea cheese promotion in the United Kingdom. There were four different Dairylea cheese spread boxes, each containing a different black and white Star Wars scene on the back of the container. Kids could find a small sheet of Letraset stickers inside the box that could be used to add characters and objects to the scene. This was advertised in the Marvel adaptation for The Empire Strikes Back in the Star Wars Weekly issue for May 29, 1980. Kids could also mail away for an Empire Strikes Back "bumper transfer pack" that contained additional Letraset stickers. This Marvel issue also included a small Letraset sheet for this Kraft Dairylea series.

Kraft would later go on to do another Dairylea cheese promotion for the Droids and Ewoks cartoons in the mid 1980s with different characters appearing on cheese wedges.

For Return of the Jedi, Amora offered Star Wars glasses in jars of Dijon mustard in France. This promotion was advertised in the Franco-Belgian comic, Spirou. 

There were four different Star Wars glasses to collect: Chewbacca and Ewok, "Dark Vador" and Troopers, "Luc" and Dark Vader, and Luc and Yoda. 

The Hi-C promotion for Return of the Jedi included a mail away offer for Return of the Jedi t-shirts and caps. This was advertised in newspapers and directly on drink labels. Kids could send 3 quality seal labels from any Hi-C drink plus $3.99 or $3.25 for the t-shirt or hat, respectively.

Labels and intact Hi-C cans are surprisingly difficult to track down. Even though the small rectangular quality seal was the only portion of the label that needed to mailed in, even partial labels were not often saved. This Return of the Jedi promotion appeared on 11 different flavors of Hi-C drinks. Looking at the three labels above, only the orange and grape drinks state "All Natural Flavors," which tells you everything you need to know about Fruit Punch.

Possibly the most obscure food promotion from the vintage years was conducted by Doriana in Argentina. Over many years, Doriana has created collectible margarine containers for popular comic characters, superheroes, Disney characters, sports figures and more. The concept is illustrated in this ad where kids are encouraged to cut out the character on the container lid along with a small plastic strip underneath it to make a stand. Needless to say, this tended to cause many of the container lids to be destroyed.

Here are two examples of fully intact Doriana margarine lids for "Wicket the Ewok" and "Imperial Scout." The Imperial Scout (or Biker Scout) also includes the original Doriana margarine container.  

One of the last Return of the Jedi food promotions occurred in Finland from 1984-1985 for Star Wars themed licorice and fruit candy, as indicated by the dates of these comic book covers. The back covers of these comics had full color ads where kids could mail away for 1 of 5 different flavors of these Star Wars candy boxes.

Here's an example of one of the Halva licorice boxes. All the candy boxes featured Darth Vader on the front with 9 different images of Star Wars characters and spaceship card art on the back.

One of the most elusive food promos occurred in Sweden in 1984 for Hemglass ice cream. Hemglass "Star Mint" and "Big Star" popsicles could be bought from local ice cream vendors driving around the neighborhood in Hemglass trucks as depicted in the lower right hand corner of this ad in an issue of The Phantom comic. To date, I have never found nor have seen any packaging related to this food promotion, so it's fair to call it a Phantom Menace.

A little known cereal tie-in in 1985 appeared on covers of the Marvel's Return of the Jedi weekly comic in the UK. As was standard in the day, toy premiums would occasionally get attached to the covers of these comics, literally taped onto the front. Two of the promotions were for Kellogg's Corn Flakes, one in March 1985 for dinosaur 3D cards, and another in August 1985 for plastic plane models. Obviously, these premiums had nothing to do with Star Wars, but their placement on the Return of the Jedi made them canon! 

Demonstration Not for Sale

Danny writes:

 Early into the COVID-19 pandemic when we were all in lockdown, I was able to acquire this Star Wars vinyl soundtrack that is stamped “Demonstration Not for Sale.” 

In addition to the DEMO stamp on the outside, the inner contents are complete and include the sleeved records, inserts, and the folded poster with artwork by John Berkey featuring the infamous 4 Millennium Falcons. But the best thing about this item was that the inside of the album was hand signed by John Williams with a nice vintage signature!

Normally, demos or promotional copies of music albums would be sent to broadcasters to help promote not yet released music. I had never heard of a demo for a movie soundtrack that didn’t have tracks intended to be played on the radio. I was able to trace the provenance of this particular record through the previous owners back to Gary Kurtz, producer for Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back. This record was bought from Gary along with a bunch of cast and crew memorabilia, but with my limited knowledge of cast and crew collectibles, I hadn’t heard of soundtracks being given out to the cast and crew before. Furthermore, nothing turned up in any online or forum searches. Over the years, a few of these records have popped up at various auction houses and the auction descriptions have never said where they came from or if they were known cast and crew items. Each one was also signed by John Williams. While each signature is very similar, the placement and lettering are all slightly different -- a good indication that they were personally hand signed one at a time.

Why did this item exist? There are several of them out there so it wasn’t a lucky fan getting John Williams to sign something at a concert.

A few years later, I stumbled upon a post of a person who went to the Highland Hall Waldorf School during the Original Trilogy era. This was the private school that both Gary Kurtz and Harrison Ford sent their kids to in the '70s and '80s (you may also know that the Kurtz children played Jawas in Star Wars and later were background extras for Echo Base and Cloud City to make the sets appear deeper using forced perspective). In that post, the person mentioned that they saw Star Wars as part of a school function before it was in theaters. More digging turned up similar posts from other students who mentioned going to a benefit screening and a dinner with some of the cast and crew, including Gary Kurtz, Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher.  

I was able to chat with another former student who went to this benefit screening. She showed me some of the items that she and her sister were given from that screening including buttons, patches, the demo album and a Star Wars Exhibitor Brochure. Her sister’s brochure box was even signed and inscribed by Mark Hamill! I asked her to check her demo album to see if it was signed by John Williams and it was! I don’t think she ever opened it before and didn't know it was autographed.

As a collector of Star Wars theatrical memorabilia, I have a few screening tickets to the original movies, including some for Highland Hall. There were two screenings as a Benefit Fundraiser for Highland Hall on May 21, 1977 -- four days before the official release of the movie on May 25th. The earlier screening at 1pm was intended to be more kid friendly while the later 8pm screening was more for adults “followed by Dining and Dancing and Meeting the Stars from the film with Johnny Williams conducting excerpts from his Film Score.”

Example of invitation inside original envelope with small McQuarrie sticker on outside (recipient address redacted)

Comparison of 1pm and 8pm invitations. The 1pm invitation uses a large McQuarrie sticker cut down to fit onto card.

Comparison of 1pm and 8pm invitation text

These screening invitations occasionally pop up for sale, but they are usually incomplete, especially missing their RSVP cards as those would have been filled out and returned to the school. However, in 2024 I was able to finally complete my invitation set by getting the RSVP cards. The 1pm and 8pm invitation RSVP cards have slightly different wording and prices because of the dinner and bus transportation arrangements, but both contain “for this special commitment [you] will...receive an autographed album...”

Unused RSVP still in return envelope

Close up of RSVP text mentioning the autographed album

So this signed John Williams soundtrack was given out as the first official SWAG to kids at a benefit fundraiser for the Highland Hall Waldorf School before the movie was even in theaters. The album was probably stamped DEMO to denote that it was to be given away and to prevent re-sale later. Gary Kurtz must have had a few left over after the screenings and sold them to collectors later.  

How cool it must have been to see Star Wars before anyone else in the country and to know that your fellow classmates and their parents helped make the movie!

Boba Fett Visits Kenner – Twice!

Ron writes:

 As readers of this blog are likely aware, Boba Fett made appearances to promote Star Wars.

Not the real Boba Fett, because -- and I hate to break this to you -- he doesn't exist. But a guy in a Lucasfilm-sanctioned Boba Fett costume.

This guy (surely a series of guys) would show up at a store or a movie screening, often accompanied by another guy dressed as Darth Vader, and he'd pose for photos, shake hands and generally impress upon people the awesomeness of Star Wars. 

It was a whole thing.

As the above advertisements demonstrate, these appearances were especially prevalent around the time of the debut of The Empire Strikes Back -- for obvious reasons.

Although Boba Fett was introduced in the Star Wars Holiday Special, which aired on November 17, 1978, he was essentially a new character in ESB. And he was mysterious. 

Funny thing is, the movie came and went, and he remained mysterious -- which partly accounts for his popularity.

People are fascinated by mystery. Especially when it involves a flamethrower and knee darts.

This may explain why the recent Boba Fett TV show met with mixed reactions. No one wants a demystified Boba Fett! And we certainly don't want a Boba Fett mired in paunchy degradation. 

I mean, he's not Al Bundy.

But Boba Fett didn't make appearances just to delight and impress fans; he also occasionally appeared as an ambassador to Lucasfilm licensees. And some of these appearances occurred long before Empire was even in theaters.

As I mentioned in this 2019 article, Boba Fett visited Kenner, the principal toy licensee, in late 1978. His appearance at the company's headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio was even documented in a Kenner newsletter of the period.

The newsletter was called Kaleidoscope. The issue in question was published in January 1979.

The inaugural issue of the publication, it was devoted to celebrating Kenner's achieving $200 million in sales for the year 1978 -- a record in no small way attributable to the success of Star Wars.

Per the newsletter's cover story, Kenner staff attended a "Star Wars is Forever" meeting in November 1978, and Boba Fett joined them.

Though the content of the story doesn't confirm this, my hunch is that it was at this meeting that the surviving commemorative mugs and prints of the graphic adorning the cover of the newsletter were distributed. 

The mug bears a date of November 27, 1978.

And so does the print.

So that's my guess as to the date of the meeting -- November 27, 1978. A mere 10 days after Boba Fett debuted as an animated character in the Star Wars Holiday Special. It was the Monday after Thanksgiving -- the perfect date on which to celebrate a blockbuster year and gear up for future success with Star Wars!

Of course, November 27 is just a guess based on the few pieces of evidence available. Maybe the meeting was held on some other day in November...

Questions pertaining to dates aside, the newsletter's photographs illustrating the meeting focus on the interaction between Boba Fett and Kenner staff members.

What better way to encourage staff to get behind selling Star Wars than to throw the greatest bounty hunter in the galaxy into the interoffice mix? 

If his mere presence wasn't enough to boost morale, perhaps the threat of disintegration did the trick.

In all seriousness, the photos demonstrate that folks were pretty stoked to meet Boba Fett.

The guy in the costume, on the other hand, was probably a bit less enthusiastic. 

Dude has seen some sh#t.

You can forgive him for looking exhausted: no doubt it was hot in that suit, and seeing out of the helmet was no easy task.

This photo provides a sense of the effort involved in a Boba Fett appearance. [1] 

According to Archive editor Pete Vilmur, the woman in the photo is Shelle Neese, Lucasfilm's official Boba Fett handler. In this case the handling involved guiding Mr. Fett around the narrow hallways of Kenner's offices. Looks of mild concern adorn the faces of most of the folks comprising the Fett phalanx. You kinda get the sense they're worried the guy in the suit will stumble and break something.

So we've established that Boba Fett traveled to Kenner headquarters in Cincinnati. Did he travel all that way just to attend a party and press the corporate flesh? 

No!

There was real product-development work to be done.

As detailed by Archive editor Chris Georgoulias, Kenner used Boba Fett's visit as an opportunity to take photographs of the bounty hunter's costume.

Kenner's photographer appears to have positioned the fellow wearing the costume in front of a white backdrop, then snapped photos of him in several poses.

If this one looks familiar it's because it (or something very close to it) was used to generate the image that appeared on the blister card of the Boba Fett action figure, which finally hit stores in 1979. 

It's an iconic figure, all the more so when you consider that its central image was many kids' introduction to Boba Fett as he would appear in The Empire Strikes Back. 

By November 1978 developmental work on the Boba Fett action figure was in its final phases. The sculpt was completed, and it's likely that Kenner had injection-molded samples of the figure on hand. 

However, as the aforementioned Boba Fett photo session demonstrates, the figure's packaging was still being developed. Here, Kenner needed to move quickly -- samples were needed for Toy Fair in New York City, a mere three months away!

They did indeed move quickly. And when Toy Fair rolled around in February, Kenner was able to display a mockup example of the carded Boba Fett figure. 

Though the design on the blister card was preliminary, it adequately represented the final product.

It's a good thing they got that photo back in November!

Famously, the Boba Fett mockup displayed in New York during that winter of 1979 was acquired by a showroom visitor, who sold it to collector Erik Janniche in the '90s. And if that isn't enough to impress you, the figure it contained (absent in the above photo) was the rocket-firing version, surely the most infamous unreleased toy in history. 

You can read all about it here.

Toy Fair was a big event for Kenner -- perhaps the biggest of any given year. It was the event at which the company demo'd products to prospective wholesale buyers. And to do it right, they utilized a whole showroom in Manhattan, which was specially outfitted to present each Kenner line in the best possible light.

So it's no surprise that Toy Fair 1979 was prominently featured in Kenner's internal newsletters.

The second issue of Kaleidoscope, published in April 1979, contains a page devoted to happenings at Kenner's New York showroom during the big event of two months prior.

And if you look closely, you'll see that the center image shows two stylin' guys standing alongside Boba Fett.

The photo bespeaks a second engagement between Boba Fett and Kenner, this one occurring at Toy Fair in February 1979, a few months after the Cincinnati engagement.

Here's a print of that same photo, which contains additional information on its sides.

Now tell me if the below location looks familiar. It's a small section of Kenner's 1979 showroom.

Same place, right? 

As you've no doubt noticed, this area contained a display featuring the large-size action figure representing Boba Fett. 

I'm guessing that it was in this area that Boba Fett made most of his appearances. In other words, one of his primary jobs at Toy Fair was to sell the large-size figure. 

Remember, the small figure was already being advertised as a mail-away. Further, it was part of the general action figure assortment -- which sort of sold itself. So it's understandable that Kenner was more concerned with pushing orders of its larger counterpart, which constituted its own assortment and was somewhat unique even within the range of large-size figures.

Who better to promote the large-size Boba Fett figure than Boba Fett himself? 

Posed right there beside the imposing character in his idiosyncratic armor was Kenner's miniaturized version of him, and the latter included all of the appurtenances that made Boba Fett sure to be loved by children everywhere. 

Well, except the flamethrower. For some inexplicable reason, Kenner didn't give their Boba Fett toy a flamethrower. 

Still...do you see why Kenner might have wanted Boba Fett to make an appearance at Toy Fair?

Weirdly, the large-size figure displayed at Toy Fair 1979 was posed inside a diorama fashioned after an ancient Greek temple. It was a discordant design choice, especially when one considers that the coverings on the walls surrounding it were a futuristic metallic silver. [2]

In the image of the Kenner reps standing alongside Boba Fett you may have noticed a pile of photos situated beside the Greek temple.

These are the stills provided by Lucasfilm for the purpose of distributing autographs during official Boba Fett appearances. They were produced under the banner of Black Falcon, a Lucasfilm subsidiary of that time.

So it appears that in 1979 a visitor to Kenner's showroom had the opportunity not only to meet Boba Fett, but to obtain his autograph. It's likely that not every visitor had this opportunity. You probably had to hit the showroom at the right time, i.e. when Boba Fett wasn't taking a leak or having a smoke or whatever.

By the way, three of the display boards seen on the right wall of this particular area of Kenner's showroom still exist. They're in the collection of Will Grief. They were created to give Kenner's buyers a taste of the point-of-purchase signage the company had developed in support of their Star Wars line. [3]

You can read more about them here.

Further evidence of Boba Fett's appearance at Toy Fair 1979 was published in Kenner's Forum newsletter.

The front page of the April 1979 issue shows a softer side of the dastardly villain -- the side that enjoyed chatting up the ladies. 

In this case, the lady was Leah Ayers, Kenner's spokeswoman for Darci. 

Darci was Kenner's entry into the fashion-doll market, then as now dominated by Barbie.

Though Darci wasn't very successful at competing with Barbie, the line was a major initiative for Kenner. Everything about Darci bespoke glamour and quality; her elegant face was arguably one of the best sculpts done for Kenner in that era.

If Leah Ayers strikes you as familiar, it's probably because she was an actress and model in the '70s and '80s, appearing in television shows like Fantasy Island and The A-Team, as well as movies like Bloodsport. 

But for our purposes her most important role was as the star of Kenner's Darci commercials, a role that made her a natural choice to present Darci at Toy Fair.

It's a Toy Fair tradition to utilize youthful acting talent as showroom spokespeople. If you don't believe me, check out this amazing clip of a young Vin Diesel demonstrating Mattel's Street Sharks in 1994.

Now, I'm far from a Vin Diesel hater, so don't take this the wrong way, but I truly feel that Street Shark Spokesperson was the role he was born to play. The casting could not be more appropriate. 

What I mean to say here is that Vin Diesel is undoubtedly the human version of a Street Shark. 

"Say hello to that mound round of pound and his power slam!" 

Hey, at least he didn't characterize Street Sharks as being about "family."

These additional photos of Boba Fett visiting Kenner's New York showroom seem to be behind-the-scenes shots taken by Kenner staffers. It seems everyone wanted to pose for a photo with Boba Fett.

One thing you may have noticed is that the certain elements of the costume worn by Boba Fett while at Toy Fair 1979 differ from those worn by him while visiting Kenner in Cincinnati the previous fall.

Most notably, the helmet worn at Toy Fair features the two "eyes," or whatever those things are, painted near its crest. The helmet that appeared in Cincinnati did not feature these details; and, indeed, this design element disappeared from the costume in subsequent years, and did not appear on the helmet worn by Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back.

I'm not going to get too into the weeds on the subject of Boba Fett armor variations, as that's not the subject of this article. 

But it's perhaps important to acknowledge that the Boba Fett costume that appeared in Cincinnati in 1978 differed slightly from the costume that appeared at Toy Fair in 1979. Knowing this makes the task of identifying photos that turn up in the future that much easier. If you see a photo of Boba Fett consorting with Kenner employees, note the helmet details. If it has "eyes," it likely derives from Toy Fair. If it doesn't, it probably derives from Cincinnati.

In the interest of thoroughness, I queried the aforementioned Pete Vilmur about this helmet discrepancy. Pete, who knows about these things, told me that a Boba Fett costume bearing the distinctive "eyes" on the helmet was used extensively in touring during the 1978-1980 period. So I guess it's no surprise that it turned up at Toy Fair in 1979. 

Why did Boba Fett wear a different costume in Cincinnati? 

It may have been the result of chance. But it's also possible that Lucasfilm, knowing that Kenner intended to photograph the costume for packaging purposes, took pains to ensure it approximated what would appear in The Empire Strikes Back, then in pre-production. [4]

Costume details aside, it's worth noting that Boba Fett followed up his appearance at Toy Fair 1979 with an appearance at a charity telethon in Montreal. As it occurred on February 24-25, i.e., a week or two after Toy Fair, it's possible the costume and its wearer traveled to Montreal after finishing up in New York (Montreal is a six or seven-hour drive from NYC). [5]

Archive blogger Jonathan McElwain and friend of the blog Scott Bradley dug up a pair of news items covering the event. 

Published in the Montreal Gazette, they reference Boba Fett's appearance; weirdly, one identifies him as the star of an upcoming "space mystery movie." 

See, I told you Boba Fett was mysterious!

I don't know if the blame lies with Lucasfilm's PR people or the Montreal press, but it seems like a failure that the authors of these items didn't realize that Boba Fett was a character from the upcoming blockbuster sequel to Star Wars. [6]

Especially when he was appearing alongside a guy named Darth Vader!

Just gonna put this out there: Vin Diesel would never let this happen. To this day, when Vin does a charity event, everyone is g#d##m sure that Street Sharks are on the menu.

The man is a walking billboard for Street Sharks.

This photo illustrating one of the articles further suggests that the New York and Montreal costumes were one and the same -- note the "eyes" on the helmet. 

Until more information surfaces, as it undoubtedly will, that's all I have on Boba Fett's liaisons with Kenner during the pre-ESB period. 

Hopefully this article has cleared up some of the mystery surrounding these liaisons -- while leaving the greater mystery of Boba Fett intact.

---

Notes

[1] This photo, provided by Pete Vilmur, was saved by Pete at an unknown time in the past. If you are the owner, let me know, and I will attribute it to you, or remove it from this article, if you prefer that it be omitted.

[2] The photos featured here suggest that the temple diorama predated Toy Fair. It may have been created for Pre-Toy Fair, or a similar event occurring prior to February 1979.

[3] As Will points out, the Toy Center display seen mounted on the wall in this photo is a prototype (note that the lower corners are square). It may be the very one featured in John Kellerman's classic book, Star Wars Vintage Action Figures: A Guide for Collectors.

[4] As you'll learn by perusing the photos showcased here, Kenner included the "eyes" on early iterations of their conceptual model of the Boba Fett action figure. As demonstrated by the photos featured here, they also appeared on at least one design iteration of the conceptual model representing the large-size figure. So at one time Kenner did expect these to be included on the costume featured in the film. 

[5] I'm indebted to the guys at The Dented Helmet for mentioning the Montreal appearance in a discussion thread concerning -- fittingly -- the aforementioned article I published in 2019.

[6] Lucasfilm distributed press releases like the one seen below in conjunction with Boba Fett and Darth Vader appearances. And of course these provided all the relevant information. So maybe the reporters in Montreal were just clueless. 

Special thanks to Scott Bradley, Chris Georgoulias, Will Grief, Jonathan McElwain, Pete Vilmur and Eddie for their help in assembling the information presented in this article.